Method of controlling electric energy.



H. W. LEONARD. METHOD OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC ENERGY. APPLICATION FILED APR.16,1913.

1 1 22,774, Patented Dec. 29, 1914.

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1 1 22,774, Patented Dec. 29, 1914.

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METHOD OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC ENERGY.

Specification of Letters Eatent.

Patented Dec. 29, 1914.

1 Original application 'flled January 18, 1910, Serial No. 538,762. Divided and this application filed April 16,

. 1913. Serial No. 761,442.

To'aZZ whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HARRY WARD LEONARD, a citizen of the United States of America, residing at Bronxville, in the county of Westchester and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of Controlling Electric- Energy, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact specification.

My invention relates to methods of generating and controlling electric energy, and

I although particularly well adapted for use in motor vehicles, my invention is likewise applicable in other instances, as will. more fully appear from the following description;

, This application is a division of my application Serial Number 538,762, electric a paratus for motor vehicles, filed January 18, 1910, which latter application is directed to certain embodiments for self-propelled vehicles, whereas the present applicationis particularly directed to my invention as applied to the charging of storage batteries and the automatic supply of energy from a variable speed armature to a Work circuit comprising a storage battery and incandescent lamps in parallel. One object of this invention is to secure efiicient and reliable actuation, and at the same time obtain a desired automatic control in response to certain conditions by controlling a dynamically generated electric current which in turn controls the production of said dynamically generated energy. I preferably employ a magnetic winding which controls the energy generated and in my preferred form, the automatic control of the current in said magnetic winding is dependent upon electrical conditions in the circuit in which theelectric energy is utilized. In one'einbodiment of my invention the magnetic winding is the winding of a magnetic clutch connected across the dyname armature in parallel with the work circuit. But any other suitable and known 1n accordance with my invention.

form of magnetic winding may be employed so long as it is in shunt to the dynamo arIna-.

ture and is adapted to have its energizing current automatically controlled by the am-' v peres in the work circuit to control the generation of energy by ing to be limited to the detailsthereofil the dynamo armature; 7 By y'- of illustration merely and without intend-' point out that one such form of magnetic Winding controlled automatically by the current dynamically produced in the work circuit has been disclosed by No. 1,043,777 patented November 5,1912 upon an application originally filed March 2, 1903.

lliy invention is particularly useful for the purpose of automatically charging a storage battery from a source of mechanical energy in which the speed of the driving element varies over a wide range, such as the charging of astorage battery from the prime motor on a gasolene motor car, or other vehicle. With a system arranged in accordance with my invention, the storage battery on such a car may be operating lights, etc.; also for operating an electric horn ;,also for supplying the energy for producing low tension or high tension ignition in the cylinders of the operating electric heaters or electrically heated tools, such as an electric vulc'ani'zer; also for operating electric motors, such as a self-starter ating an air compressor; also for producing electric signals, such-as by any suitable wireless system, and in general for using the energy of such a storage battery or the energy from the generating dynamo for any of the many uses to which itis adapted.

My invention accomplishes the objects in a simple, economical and reliable manner and secures various other advantages which Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating one form of my invention applied to a gasolene motor car and showing the various circuit connec tlOIlSDf the apparatus; Fig. 2 is afldetari view illustrating a, modified arrangement of the circuit closing switch in which the latter is arranged to be controlled by the operation ofthe change gear lever; and Figlfi is a 'simplified'diagram illustrating certain ofthe in Fig. 1,;various parts being omitted for clearness; it isto be understood that no attempt has been madein this figure to show such a driving. ratio between the engine and the'dynamo or such proportions of parts of other apparatus as may be desirablein prae .tical construction, the figure being merely me in my Patent utilized for. incandescent lamps for head gas engine also for 8&- for the gas engine or for operapparatus and connections disclosed ice to show in simple form a diagram of connections.

Referring to Fig. 1, an outline of a motor car is indicated in a general way, having the gas engine 1, the clutch 2, the change gear box 3, the driving shaft 4, and the rear axle equalizing gear box 5. On the engine shaft is shown a gear 6 which drives a larger gear 7 for driving the usual counter-shaft 8, which in turn operates the engine valves and other devices as is customary, the speed of the counter-shaft being one-half that of the engine shaft in the usual type of gas engines. On the shaft 8, is mounted a driving pulley 9, over which passes a driving belt which serves to drive the pulley 10 and its shaft which carries the cooling fan 11. After passing over the pulley 10, the belt also passes over a third pulley 14: mounted to revolve on a shaft suitably supported in bearings. The driving pulley 9 thus drives the cooling fan as well as the pulley 14:, which latter forms the driving means for the magnetic clutch and electric generator 15. In order to insure a proper amount of tension of the driving belt and for insuring a large peripherial contact of the belt upon the pulleys 10 and 14, I may use an idler engaging the upper portion of the belt between the pulleys. This idler is carried by two slotted arms pivotally supported upon a counter-shaft at their lower ends. The bearings of the idler are adapted to move 'vertically in the slotted portion of the arms, and to each movable bearing at opposite sides of the arms is secured a spring, the lower end of which is secured to a lug on the side of the arm and adjustable therein by means of a nut, this adjustability securing .still further means for varying the tension of the driving belt.

The magnetic clutch is shown of the ironclad type, one element 20 having a cylindrical outer portion and aicentral corqextending from one end as indicated in Fig. 1. The other element of the magnetic clutch comprises the circular non-magnetic plate 22, fixed upon and rotating with its supporting shaft which also carries the pulley 14:. There are a number of perforations in the plate. 22 in which are armatures 21 in the form of pieces with enlarged heads, which heads are large enough to bridge the space between cylinder 20 and its central core.v The perforations are large enough to allow the armatures to be axially movable freely so that when these armatures are attracted by the other element of the clutch, the magnetic force and the frictional engagement between the faces of the armature and main element of the clutch'will be sufiicient to drive by means of said armatures the clutch element 20 and the generator I5 which are fixed to the same shaft. VVhen the clutch is not magnetized, the pulley 14 and the plate 22 carrying the iron armatures 21 rotate freely together without driving the clutch element 20 or the generator 15. The exciting coil 23 of the clutch is wound about the central core as indicated in the drawing and the terminalsengage two slip rings 24 respectively which are mounted upon and carried by the clutch element 20, or its shaft. The use of a plurality of independently movable armatures, each of comparatively light weight, gives many advantages.

The batteries to be charged are indicated in two different sets, the upper set 25 being connected to the two lower central contacts of a four-pole double-throw switch 26, and the lower battery set 27 being connected to the two upper central contacts of this switch. At 28 is indicated an automatically responsive electro-magnet having a series coil 29 and a pivotally mounted armature or contact lever 28' normally held in the'posi. tion shown against a fixed contact 31 by means of a spring 30. Whenthe current passing through the coil of magnet 28 becomes excessive, the armature 28 will be attracted and turned upon its pivot against the action of the spring 30, breaking the circuit passing through the fixed contact 31,

armature or contact lever 28' and from its supporting part to the conductor connected thereto. This movement of the armature is limited by a pin or other stop 31, and when the current in the coil of the magnet'is I sulficiently reduced, the circuit will be again closed by the action of the spring overcoming the magnetic force of the magnet. At-

is indicated another automatically responsive e'lectromagnet having the pivotally mounted armature in the form of a contact lever 32'. This contact. lever is held open against the pin or stop 31 by the action" of the spring 30 until the magnetic pull upon the armature32' is sufficient to overcome the force of the spring, and the armature or contact lever then makes contact with the fixed contact 33, closing the circuit through this fixed contact, the H armature or contact lever 32 and through the support ofthe lever to the conductor connected thereto. This electro-magnet 32.

ing 34 and preferably an additional series voltage rises, to a predeterminable amount,

this voltage winding v8A: automatically effects the closure of its cooperating switch I 32',.wh1ch switch is in the path of the total 1'1 5' is provided with a potentialor shunt windniaam.

Work current. In this specific form of my invention which employs the magnetic clutch, for the purpose of controlling the main circuit of the dynamo and its shunt field winding 15, as well asthe circuit of coil 23 of the electromagnetic clutch, I provide a seat switch which is adapted to be closed when the operator of the vehicle takes his seat in the vehicle. This is in the form of a conducting plate 36 supported upon an insulating block and adapted when depressed to engage the fixed contacts 37.

Suppose the switch 26 is closedto the left.

This connects battery 25 through the two lower blades 26 to the circuit of the dynamo shunt field and the magnetic clutch coil while battery 27 is connected through the two upper blades of 26, and the cross connection 26, to the ignition circuit leading to 44 containing the induction coil.

The clutch circuit and shunt field being energized by the closure of the seat operated switch 36, and the gasolene motor be ing in operation, the voltage of the arma-' ture l5 rises until finally the switch 32' is automatically closed by the voltage coil 34. This establishes the charging circuit and the dynamo charges the battery as follows: From one terminal of the generator 15 marked plus (I) the main circuit may be traced through the overload coil 29, series coil to contact 33, and when the contact lever 32 is attracted by the magnet 32, the operator having previously closed the seat switch 36, the circuit will pass through this lever to the conductor connected to its support, through an adjustable resistance 38 to one of the contacts 37 and thence through the plate 36, when this switch is closed by the operator, to a conductor leading to the next to the lower fixed contact at the left of the double-throw switch 26. When this switch is thrown to the left the circuit will continue through one of the blades of the switch to one of the middle contacts, thence through the battery set 25 to the lowest middle contact, and thence through a switch blade to the lowest fixed contact at the left, and then by a conductor back to the negative terminal of the generator armature 15. It will thus be seen that when this main circuit is closed as described, one of the battery sets is connected in series with the armature 15 of the charging dynamo, and that this main circuit or Work circuit comprises any of the lamps or other translating devices which may be turned on. It will also be seen that when the double-throw switch 26 is closed to the left, as above referred to, and the plate 36 is brought against the fixed contacts 37 by the operator, the circuit of the field winding 15 of the generator will be closed from say the negative terminal of the battery set 25, which latter is connected by strength, is of switch 26 to the negative terminal of the. I

armature 15, through the field coil 15 and an adjustable field resistance to one of the contacts 37, then to the plate 36 and thence to the positive terminal of the battery set 25, through the switch 26. It will be also seen that when the switch 26 is closed to the left and the plate 36 is in contact with the contacts 37, that a circuit extends from the negative terminal of battery set 25 through the switch 26 to fixed contact 31, thence through the contact lever 28 to the conductor connected to its support, thence through one of the collector rings 24 to the magnetic winding 23, then to the other collector ring 24 to one of the contacts 37, thence through plate 36 and through switch 26 to the positive terminal of battery set 25. Thus, under normal operating conditions, the circuit of this magnetic coil is connected in shunt across the dynamo armature and in parallel with the work circuit relative to the dynamo armature.

As above pointed out, the circuit between the armature 15 and the battery set 25 is not closed even when the switch 26 is thrown to the left, and even if the plate 36 makes contact with the fixed contacts37, unless the contact lever 32 is automaticall closed against the fixed contact 33. The nal closing of this circuit is controlled by the potential winding 34 of the electromagnet 32, the path of this winding being from the positive terminal of armature '15 through i the. series windings 29 through the. potential thence by a conductor to the negative terminal of the armature 15. It will thus be seen that this winding 34 is directly subjected to the electromotive force generated by the armature l5, and the contact lever 32 will not be closed until the electrometive force of the armature 15 is sufficiently high to cause the coil 34 to attract its armature. This magnet thus insures that the armature circuit will be closed upon the battery 25 only when the electromotive force of the armature, due to its speed and field a sufficient amount to charge the battery set, and when from any cause this electromotive force is not sufliciently high, this main circuit willybe interrupted by the action of the spring 30 overcoming the magnetic pull of' the electromagnet 32. The series coil 35 serves to insure a firm contact when the switch is closed by the increased pressure due to the increased magnetic efi'ect after the switch is closed, and also acts to insure the opening of this voltage switchv in case the charging current and 35, thence winding 34 and should happen to. reverse, as this would that when the switch 26 is closed to the left,

. duce a double pole single throw switch 41 adapted toengage either one of two fixed contacts between which latter a resistance 42 is connected. The path of this circuit may be traced from the positive terminal of battery set 25 through switch 26 to switch 41, and when the latter is closed to engage the upper contact, the circuit continues directly to one main supplying the lamps, then through the lamps shown connected in parallel with each other t'o'the return wire and thence to the negative terminal of the battery through switch 26. When the switch 41 is thrown so as to engage the lower fixecl contact connected to resistance 42, the path of the lamp circuit will be the same as before except the resistance "42 will be connected in series therewith causing the lights to be comparatively dim which will be more desirable in going through cities or towns, as distinguished from the brighter light desired in traveling over poorly lighted roads, and in the latter'case the resistance 42 is cut out by closing the switch 4:1through the upper fixed contact. In addition to the battery and the lamps, the work circuit may also comprise various other translating devices such as the electric heater 13, the electric horn43, etc., as desired.-

It will be noted that when switch '26 is closed to the left, battery 27 will be connected to the two upper left hand fixed con- "tacts from which extends a circuit. for supplying the energy for the electric ignition in the gas engine. This ignition may be of any desired typeand controlled by any of the usual-devices, and I have therefore indicated this ignition circuit as leading to a box 414, containing the customary one or more induction coils, contact breakers, etc. I preferably supply the ignition circuit from a batterv set 27 independent of the battery 25, and independent of the circuit of various other translating devices and of the charging dynamo 15 so that energy supplied to the ignition circuit will be uniformand less likely to fail'by reason of any derangement of the translating, devices or'of theautomatic controlling means upon the charging circuits. and because this arrangement keeps the work circuit free from the customary ground connection used on;-. the ignition circuit, thus increasing thev reliability of service in case an additional accidental ground on the opposite pole. More:

over, with the translating devices connected in-the circuit containing the dynamo 15 and the battery 25, much ofthe ener'gyconsumed by these translating. devices will pass-directly to them from the generator and any needed additional energv will flow from battery. By means of switch 26, however, the battery set 25 may be caused to supply the ignition circuit and the battery set 27 will then be connected to supply the lamps and other translating devices and to the circuit of the charging generator 15. Thus, when the switch 26 is thrown to the right, it will be seen by tracing the circuits that battery 25 will supply the ignition circuit and' bility of service, ease and simplicity of test- I ing in case of any trouble and a ready means of comparing the' condition of the two batteries.

The box containing the batteries will be located in any convenient location on the vehicle and the automatic electromagnetic switches, switch 26 and other controlling switches will preferably be mounted together upon an easily accessible paifel and properly inclosed for protection.

In operation, the switch 26 will be closed to the left or to the right and one set of batteries will then supply the ignition circuit and the other the various translating devices. When the operator causes switch 36 to'engage the fixed contacts 37, and assuming that the engine is operating, the circuit of the magneticclutch coil 23 will be closed through one of the battery sets by means of switch 26, and the closure of this circuit will cause the armature 21 to be attracted by the other element of the clutch and so cause the rotation of the generator.

adjustable so that the armature 32 will be attractedwhen the electromotive force of the armature 15 attains a proper amount.

When the electromagnet- 32 is deener gized' from any cause, or the electromotive force of-the circuit'becomes undesirably low, or

in case areversed current through the series coil 35 should occur so as to decrease the magnetizationto such an amount that the fspringj30 overcomes the, magnetic. attracineawa tion, the charging circuit will be interrupted and not closed again until the electromotive force of the generating armature is sufiicient to cause the contact lever 32 to be again attracted. The electromagnetic switch 28 serves to automatically control the energy delivered by the generating armature so that it will not exceed a predetermined amount and protect the batteries from an n excessive charging current and also in cases where this is necessary to limit the speed of the dynamo to a proper amount irrespective of the speed of the driving engine. Thus, if, during operation, the electromotive force of the generator should become so high as to cause the current to be more than a predetermined amount, the coil 29 will cause the contact lever 28 to be attracted and so break the circuitof the clutch coil 23. This will at once cause thejoltage of the generator to decrease and sd' cause the current in the circuit containing the winding 29 to be decreased until the strength of the magnet 28 is reduced to such an amount that the contact lever 28 is released. This release causes the circuit of the magnetic winding 23 to be automatically closed again, which in turn causes the current from the generating armature to rise again to its maximum.

so This automatic control of the magnetic winding by the automatic switch 28 continues to takeplace as often as conditions are such as to require this automatic control as above explained. After the voltage of the dynamo has risen enough to effect theautomatic closure of the low voltage switch 32, the speed of the motor can be increased to a predetermined amount before the automatic switch 28 responsive to the change in the electrical conditions of the armature circuit .will respond to reduce the voltage,

of the dynamo. The increase of speed needed to effect the automatic opening of --th-is 'automatic switch 28 can be controlled T iand adjusted as desired. One form of control is indicated by the variable resistance 38. By inserting more resistance in 38 the rangein speed of the dynamo before the automatic switch 28 is opened, can be increased and modified as desired. My pre-.

ferred way is by suitably adjusting the variable resistance 38. Theswitch 28, after opening, will cause the voltage of the dynamo to be reduced until finally the magnetic pull due to the coi1;.-29 will become less than that of the spring 30. Then the switch 28 will be automatically closed j again by the spring 30; the voltage of the dynamo will then again rise and again fall and this will continue indefinitely. The voltage impressed upon the charging circuit i therefore fluctuates from a certain maximum to a certain minimum, but on account of the steadying action of the storage bat- 6 ,tery these wide .=L 1 .g.:rapid fluctuations of energy in the charging circuit are equalized by the battery so as to keep the voltage on the lighting circuit satisfactorily constant. The magnetic winding 23 being a shunt winding across the dynamo armature l5 and the dynamo armature voltage being preferably low in amount, there is no detrimental spark at contacts 31, 31, which are preferably of some. arc resisting material such as platinum. At a certain speed of the motor the automatic switch 28 will rythmically and automatically open and close and thereby cause unidirectional fluctuating amounts of charging energy to be delivered to the battery. As the speed of the motor variesfrom such a certain speed the length of time the switch remains closed, compared with the length of time it remains open, varies. When the speed'of the motor is such that this switch is just beginning to act automatically, the period of closure is large compared with the period of opening. As the motor speed increases the period of closure becomes less and the period when it is open becomes greater, when compared with the total period of time. By varying the magnetizing time element of the field winding of the dynamo by well known methods and means, I can control these unidirectional energy fluctuations within limits.

By charging a battery in accordancewith my invention, the battery is maintained in a very efiicient condition. The rapid variation of the charging energy and the frequent slight discharge consequent upon the operation of the electric horn, electric lights, and other devices, tends to efiiciently form the active matter of the battery, and prevents the formation of detrimental chemical compounds.

In Fig. 1, I have described the switch 36 adapted to engage contacts 37 as being closed by the operator when he takes his position in the car. Instead of this switch being controlled in this way, the same circuits may be arranged to be closed by the operator when he moves the gear lever into running position. In Fig. 2, the gear lever 44 is shown working in the slotted plate 44' of the 'usualtype, such as the plate in the form of an H for selective control of the change gears. On an extension of this hand lever is arranged a conducting strip 45, which when the lever is thrown forward or backward from the central position, will cause the conducting strip 45 to engage with a set of three contacts 46 at the right or with three similar contacts 46 shown at the left. The fixed contacts opposite each other are shown;electrical1y connected together so that the same electrical connection will be made Whether the gear lever be moved forward or contacts a conductor extends and which will backward. From each of the three pair of as the conductors extending from the switch plate 86 and fixed contacts 37 of Fig. 1; that is, the upper pair of contacts of Fig. 2 correspond say to plate 36, the middle pair correspond say to the right hand fixed contact 37, and the lower pair correspond to the left hand" fixed contact 37 of Fig. 1. Thus, the same electrical connections are attained by the arrangement of Fig. 2 except that the connection ofthese contacts is dependent upon the throwing of the gear lever into an operating position instead of being dependent upon the operator taking his position in the machine. Of course various other arrangements of circuit and controlling devices could be utilized and be within the scope of my invention.

My novel method of control, in the particular form described herein, produces a current the average amperes of which are substantially constant, irrespective of the voltage of the battery and irrespective of whether some of the lamps are turned on or not. The current supplied to the battery and lamps jointly, will rapidly fluctuate between a certain predeterminable maximum and a certain predeterminable minimum and these fluctuations of current act through the coil 29 and'its cooperating automatic switch 28' so that they automatically control the rate'of production of these fluctuations or waves of unidirectional energy. Thus, in 'the specific form described if the speed of the prime motor is comparatively low the low, and as the speed of the prime motor in- @5 "That total current number of such waves per second will be creases the number of such waves per second increases; But with the battery connected across the dynamo armature these fluctuations are absorbed so as not to be noticeable inthe-lamps. This isdue to the low ohmic resistance of the battery and the'fact that its principal opposition to the flow of current is due to its counter volts, hence even a considerable fluctuation in the value of the charging current has. but little effect in changing the voltage across the battery terminals which is the voltage of the lamp circuit. I

As illustrating the performance of my invention in practice in the form described, suppose that charging current is adjusted by means ofthe spring 30 until the current as read'by an ampere meter in. series with coil 29 is 10 amperes. That is 10 am-.;

f ters Patent of the United States is peresis the integration'of the rapid fiuctu ations of the current. Now "suppose no lamps are turned 'on. Then 10' amperes' is passedfthrough, the battery. 1f now lamps are turned'on' requiring 6 amperes the current through the battery automatically becomes 4 amperes. Similarly if more lamps be turned on until lO a mp'eres are taken by the lamps thecurrent' through the battery through coil 29 is automatically controlled by coil 29 to maintain the current constant and whatever current is needed for the lamps is automatically subtracted from the total and the balance goes through the batteryr Thus if the lamps and signal horn take 15 amp. the dynamo still automatically produces 10 amp. and 5 amp. flows as a discharge current from the battery.

My novel method of controlling the output of the armature 13 and charging the battery produces many new and useful results. The size of armature 13 can be made smaller because the heating effect is definite and cannot be exceeded as in other systems.- The tendency to sparking is greatly reduced because the maximum volts and amperes. of the armature are in practice always kept below certain definite amounts. The wear of the brushes and commutator are consequently reduced to a minimum. The battery is kept fully charged and never subjected to a charging current in excess of the predetermined maximum charging current. The fluctuating charging current is very beneficial in its efi'ects as compared to a steady current, onereason for this being probably the tendency to dislocation of the bubbles of gas, due to the fluctuating energy of the current.

Although Ihave illustrated my invention as applied to a vehicle driven by a gas engine, it will be evident that my invention can also be applied similarly to the charging of a battery when the source of mechanical energy is the axle of a railway car, in which case the car axle will serve to drive the charging dynamo instead of the gas engine referred to in connection with Fig. 1. The source of mechanical energy may in some cases be a wind mill, or the energy may be derived from an elevator, or from a moving platform, or from the rise and fall of water as will change of tide, or from the rise and fall due to waves, and in general from any of the sources of energy which might be utilized for driving the charging dynamo.

Although I have described certain embodiments of my invention, it will be understood that the methods and arrangements may differ in various other embodiments of my invention without departing from the scope thereof, as defined in the appended claims.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Let- 1. The method of charging a storage battery which consists in generating by magnetic induction unidirectional electric energy, and controlling the energy according to the amperage'to vary the amperes from a certain minimum to a certain maximum,

thereby producing rhythmic fluctuations in the battery charging. energy, hile-main- 13 a taining the average eifect of the current con battery.

2. The method of controlling a work circuit comprising a storage battery with in.

candescent lamps in parallel therewith, which consists in increasing the voltage until the current in the work circuit reaches a certain maximum, then reducing the voltage until the current in the work circuit-reaches a certain minimum, then increasing the voltage until the maximum condition is reached, and repeating the described cycle of operation in accordance withthe amperes in the work circuit thereby maintaining a substantially constant average current in the total work circuit.

3. The method of controlling a battery charging dynamo driven at widely difierent speeds, which consists in controlling the energy supplied by the dynamo to the battery by rapidly opening and closing a controlling circuit and thereby controlling the energy output of the dynamo, said opening and closing being in accordance with changes between maximum and minimum limits of the energy of the dynamo.

4. The method of controlling the energy delivered by a dynamo armature to a work circuit across which are connected a storage battery and incandescent lamps in parallel with each other, which consists in rapidly moving a circuit controlling element to two definite diflerent positions alternately in response to changes in the energy supplied from the armature to the work circuit, whereby rhythmic fluctuations of the energy in the circuit are produced.

5. The method of maintaining a current constant at a desired average rate, which consists in increasing the current to a certain maximum, controlling a circuit controlling element to reduce the current to a certain minimum, and then controlling said element to increase the current to said maximum, and repeating said steps as often as required to maintain the average current substantially constant.

6. The method of controlling the output of a dynamo electric armature, which consists in connecting the armature to a storage battery when its voltage reaches a predetermined valu'e, controlling the energy in a work circuit connected across the armature and comprising said battery when the current supplied the circuit exceeds a certain maximum limit by reducing the output of ,the armature until a certain minimum cur- .\7. The method of maintaining substantially constant the average rate of charging e er y de to a s o age ba t y y e dynamo armature driven at speeds varying J over a wide range, wh1ch conslsts m fluctuating the rate of energy between a certain minimum and a certain maximum, and 'varylng the percentage of time when the minimum current is in use as compared with the total time.

8. The method of controlling a current supplied to a circuit across which is connected a storage battery, which consists in rapidly fluctuating the voltage of a dynamo electric charging winding from a voltage materially higher than that of the battery to 9. The method of controlling the current? supplied to a circuit across which are con-' nected in parallel a storage battery and incandescent lamps, which consists in producing mechanical power at widely different speeds, driving an electric generating device by such power, and supplying a series of rapidly recurrent fluctuations of unidirectional energy to the circuit between maximum and minimum amounts of energy. 10. The method of charging a battery at a predetermined number of average amperes,

which consists in supplying to the battery a series of waves of energy, controlling the maximum amperage of such waves by controlling the voltage of the source of supply in response to a maximum charging current, and varying the rate of waves per second whereby the average amperage is maintained substantially constant.

11. The method of maintaining substantially constant the average watt output of a dynamo armature driven at .widely different speeds, which consists in connecting the armature to a storage battery, increasing the voltage of the armature until the charging current reaches a predetermined maximum, then reducing the voltage of the armature, then again increasing the voltage until the charging current reaches said predetermined maximum, repeating the said cycle of operations and varying the number of such cycles per second in response to changes of speed of the source of power for the armature.

12. The method of operating incandescent lamps at a substantially constant voltage when the source of power has a widely variable speed, which consists in connecting said lamps across a storage battery, supplying the battery and lamps from a dynamo electr c winding in waves of energy controlled according to the total current at a rate of waves per second dependent upon the speed of the variable speed source,-\whereby the average current. supplied is substantially dependent of changes in the speedof. the

source of power.

13. The method of charging a battery which consists in generating electric energy by magnetic induction, supplying energy to the battery and increasing the voltage of the energy until the amperes reach a predevtermined maximum, then reducing the voltage of the energy, then increasing the volt age until the amperes again reach the said -maximum and repeating the stated cycle of operation, whereby the charging energy is produced in a series of controlled re-current. fluctuations, whose effective value is that of a constant current. I

14. The method of controlling a battery charging current which consists in causing the current to rise to a predetermined amount, then reducing the current in response to said maximum current, then again increasing the current to the said maximum and again reducing it in response to said maximum current.

15. The method of controlling a battery charging current. which consists in increasing the charging energy until a predetermined maximum electrical condition of the charging circuit is reached, then reducing the energy in response to said maximum condltion, then again increaslng and decreasing the energy as described and repeating the stated steps.

16. The method of controlling storage battery charging energy which consists in generating unidirectional energy, and causing. the charging energy to control itself sojas to produce a series of rapidly recurrent energy. 40

fluctuations of uninterrupted unidirectional 17. The method of controllingelectric en- "ergy which consists in producing unidirectijonal energy, and causing the energy produced to control the source of energy so as 1 to produce a series of rapidly recurrent flucbattery tuations of uninterrupted unidirectional en- .er

The method of'controlling the current supplied to a circuit containing a storage and incandescent lamps in parallel with each other which consists in dynamoelectrically generating current, passing said current through the circuit, fluctuating the current by increasing the current until a certain predetermined maximum is reached then reducinglthe current until a certain predetermined minimum is reached and .so vary1ng the rate of fluctuations per second as to maintain. a substantially constant average current, irrespective of a wide change of speed of the source of power, irrespective of the voltage of the battery and irrespective ofthe number of lamps in use. f' :19. The method vof controlling the current supplied by a dynamo armature to a storage bagttgryiandto incandescent lamps connected in parallel across the terminals of the battery, said battery having its electromotive force opposing that of the armature, which consists in suddenly increasing the voltage generated by the armature until the current supplied thereby reaches a certain maximum, then suddenly reducing the armature voltages until the current supplied by the arma 'ture reaches a certain minimum, then suddenly increasing the voltage generated by the armature as before, and repeating the sudden increase and decrease of voltage according to said changes in current supplied by the armature, whereby the current supplied by the armature is maintained at the desired average amount without substantially varying the voltage across the battery and vlamps.

in parallel with eachotherand to a storage battery in parallel with said lamps, which consists in supplying a substantially non fluctuating current through said lamps, sup-' plying fluctuating current through said battery, the said fluctuating current being flucinc tuated between a certain maximum and a certain minimum value alternately, and controlling said fluctuating current according to changes in the total current supplied to said battery and said lamps, the time intervals between the fiuctuations being controlled to cause the average total supplied .to the battery and lamps to be substantiallyconstant.

22. The method of applying adesired average current from a dynamo armature to a plurality .of incandescent lamps and a storage battery in parallel with each other, which consists in rapidly increasing the voltage of the dynamo until the current in the circuit reaches "a certain maximum greater than the desired average current, then rap idly reducing the'voltage of the dynamo until the currentin the circuit reaches a certain minimum less than the desired average current, and repeating this cycle of operations with such a frequency as to produce the desired average current.

' 23. The method of supplying current from .a dynamo to a group of translating devices connected 1 in parallel with each other and one of said devices having low ohmic resistance and-a substantially constant counter electromotivc force, which consists in rapidly and alternately increasing and decreasing thevoltage of the dynamo in accordance With the change'of the total current between a certain maximum and a-certainminimum V supplied to'sai-d devices, whereby the'average total current is maintained substantially constant and the voltage across the devices,

is maintained substantially constant. a a

24. The method of controlling the output of r a dynamoelectric armature, which con- ,sists in connecting the armature to a storage battery when its voltage reaches a predetermined alue, controlling the-energy in a work ,circuit connected across the armature and comprising said battery when the en- I er gy supplied the circuit exceeds a certain maximum limit by reducing the output of the'arr'nature until a certain minimum out put ofenergy is reached, then controlling :20

the output of the armature by increasing the output-0f the same until the said maximum energy is again exceeded, and repeating the said steps successively.

ln'testimonv whereofl afiix my signature, 25 in presence of two Witnesses. 

